Images

TEG Made Simple

Source from http://uktraumaprotocol.blogspot.sg/

The Defibrillator Circuit

Shown AC of 5000V, a switch, an inductor to prolong the current and a capacitor to store charge

 

Oesophageal Doppler Trace

Source from HK Lee, SH Lee, MH Noe et al. 2007. Utility of Esophageal Doppler and the Hemodynamic Effect of Nicardipine during a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 53(3):304-310.

CVP Trace

Source from UHK website with a few changes

Source from Dept of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong website http://www.anaesthesia.hku.hk

The waves

a wave = Atrial contraction

c wave = bulging of triCuspid valve into atrium at start of ventricular contraction

x descent = atrium relaXes

v wave = Venous return

y descent = atrial emptYing

Disease patterns

Atrial fibrillation – no a wave

Heart block – cannon waves  (large a waves due to atrium contracting against a closed tricuspid valve)

Nodal rhythm – cannon waves  (large a waves due to atrium contracting against a closed tricuspid valve)

Tricuspid regurgitation- large c and v waves, loss of the x descent

Tricuspid stenosis – prominent a waves, muted y descent

 

Generic Comparison of GA vs RA

Comparison GA vs RA